Effect of Intellectual Property Law on Business-Free-Samples

Question: Write a Literature review on Intellectual Property Law and its Impact on Business. Answer: Introduction Intellectual Property Law provides IP rights to the owners and creators of intellectual property. The main purpose of the IPLs is to ensure that people are given rights and protection over the intellectual property created and owned by them. Rights are provided to the individuals or groups in relation to literary works, photography, painting, music and scientific innovations. This is to ensure that people are motivated to make new discoveries and innovations as their rights in relation to such work would be protected. On the other hand there are some disadvantages of the application of IPL as well. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of literature in relation to the impact of Intellectual property law on modern day businesses Intellectual property rights According to Bently Sherman (2014) the main purpose of IPL is to provide and protect IP rights to the creators of intellectual property. These rights allow the owner to sell the property rights or earn royalty of them. The primary legislation which deals with intellectual property law in UK is the Intellectual Property Act 2014. Through the application of IPRs the businesses are able to protect their brand name or sign in form of trademark. They can also protect any exclusive innovation done by the business through obtaining patents and were any original work is created by the business they are automatically provided with a copyright. Therefore the main areas in which the intellectual property law operates are patents, copyrights and trademarks. Copyrights Hart, Clark Fazzani (2013) defines copyright as a intangible property right which subsists in a certain qualified subject-matter. In the UK the laws in relation to copyrights are governed through the provisions Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 which is amended from time to time. As stated by Hovenkamp (2016) a comprehensive picture of the law can be acquired only through recourse towards the European Union Jurisprudence as harmonization and legal integration throughout the EU is increasing. According to Torremans (2016) copyright requires the considerations of issues like subsistence (Whether the subject matter is qualified for the copyright to subsist), ownership (whether the person is a owner ), incidents of ownership (rights flowing from ownership and term of monopoly) infringement (primary and secondary), defenses and remedies. Subsistence of copyright As stated by Tan Loy (2013) copyright subsists in the expression of an idea and not the Idea itself. This means that unless an idea is not expressed it is not eligible to be protected under the copyright laws. There are certain kinds of work as provided by Torremans (2016) which are eligible for protection these include original dramatic works, original literary works, original artistic works and original music works. However the work must itself be original in order for a copyright to subsist. This means the work has been produced by the labor, judgment and skill of the owner. Out of these there are also fixation requirements imposed on a few works such as a dramatic, musical or literary work has to be recorded irrespective of the fact that it has been done with the permission of the author or not. Multiple copyrights and the Music industry Kelbrick Visser (2013) states that one single item can contain more than one copyright. For instance, where an album is to be released by a group of musicians their copyrights would be divided. The divisions is into copyright on sound recording, copyright on lyrics, copyright in cover artwork and copyright in sheet music. Amidst such division there is a profound possibility of conflicts. As argued by Williams (2015) division of such rights is although fair but the process of unequal divisions dose not satisfies those parties who have been provided a lesser part. The division of such copyrights differs in the music industry from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Those who crate the lyrics are provided less part in copyrights as compared to those who compose the music. The music industry as a result generates substantial amount of litigation in relation to copyrights on music albums. The litigations originate in relation to rights such as reproduction of the work, distribution of copies o f the work, publically performing the work, making derivative works or displaying the work. Nimmer (2013) states that it is important to register a copyright even if it is provided upon the recording of the work in order to stay away from disputes and gain additional protection and benefits. Copyrights and employees According to Joyce et al. (2016) the general principle of law provides that the owner of the work produced by an employee during the course of employment using the tools provided by the employer belong to the employer. There have been several disputes regarding the ownership of a copyright between an employer and an employee in the history. The question which the court has to determine is that who is the actual owner of the work which has been produced. The general rule subjected to any separate arrangements made between the employer and the employee. This means that when there is any agreement to the contrary than the employer would not be regarded as the first owner of the copyrights. The legislation does not define what the phrase in the course of employment which means that the term is left ambiguous and courts have been provided a broad range of power towards interpreting the phrase. Hart, Clark Fazzani (2013) provides that generally the court apply a simple provisions to analy ze employment which means whether the work has been produced under a contract of service or a contract for services . Through the application the courts are able to determine the control of the employer on the employee. Copyright and joint authors To the contrary in the music industry where a single work has been created by more than one author the copyright of authors are not distinct from each other. This feature of copyrights again provides the scope for conflict between the authors. These people are considered as joint owners. The rule is exempted where there is a distinct and separate contribution of the authors towards the work. In such cases the authors are provided different ownership such as in the music industry. The joint authors have the right to transfer their ownership in a single person as a result of the transferable nature of copyright. In case of a joint ownership the owners are entitled to equally receive profits in relation to the copyrights. Thus if one of the owners bears all the cost of production he would not be provided with any additional copyright as compared to the other owners. Defenses There are certain defenses which attempt to mitigate the disadvantages of copyright law in relation to restricting innovations. The defense is in relation to the fair use of copyright material. When literary works are produced the students are allowed to use such work in a fair manner with proper acknowledgement. This allows for fair research work without infringing the copyright of others. The concept had been discussed in the case of Hubbard v Vosper, [1972] 2 Q.B. 84. In case the copyright owned by a business or an individual is infringed there are both civil and criminal remedies available to the owner. The civil remedies which are available to the owners of the copyright under the legislation includes interlocutory injunctions, pecuniary remedies, Anton Pillar orders , Mareva injunctions and Norwich Pharmacal order. The infringer is also liable to be prosecuted criminally by the courts. Patents As defined by LaLonde Gilson (2016) a patent is an exclusive right which has been provided by the state to a business for a limited period in return of publically disclosing the invention. The invention has to be a solution for a particular problem, process or product. The right to make sell or use an invention is not provided by a patent under law. From the legal point of view it is the right to exclude others from selling, using, or making the patented discovery for a specific period which is generally for twenty years and subjected to maintenance fee or payments. In the business content a patent provides the right to its owner from using it in court to exclude the others. A patent like any intellectual property can be sold, assigned, mortgaged or abandoned. Rights for business under patents Although the patent is an exclusionary right it does not give the owner a fixed right to exploit the invention in relation to the patent. Dispute arises as many patents are a extension of prior invention and may be covered by other patents as well. Only if the previous patent holders givers permission the new patent holder would be allowed to use the invention. In some jurisdictions patents are imposed with working provisions which means that they can only be exploited in a particular jurisdiction which is covered by them. The consequence of not continuing research on an invention also varies between jurisdiction which includes revocation of the patent and proving compulsory license to the other parties towards exploiting the invention. The revocation can be challenged by the patent holder by providing evidence which suggests that reasonable public requirements have been met (Horwitz Horwitz 2016). Challenges The validity of an issued or allowed patent can be challenged by any party in the national patent offices in a process known as opposition proceedings. The validity of a patent can also be challenged in court. In both the cases the parties making the challenge tries to prove that the patent should not have been granted. There are various grounds of challenges which are available to the parties. These include that the subject matter cannot be patented, the subject matter was not new, was general to experts in the same filed and there was fraud in obtaining the patent. If any of such reasons succeed the patent is found to be invalid as a whole or in part. Trademarks Boldrin Levine (2013) defined a trademark as an expression, sign or design which can be recognized in relation to the identification of a service or a product. They are used to distinguish the source of a particular product or services from the other. A trademark can be owned by a business or an individual or any legal entity. A trademark may be found on the voucher, label or package of the product. The trademarks are displayed on the company building in the sake of corporate identity. Trademarks also come under intellectual property rights. Usage in business The brand owner of a particular product or service is identified through a trademark. Trademarks can be provided as licenses to others. The unauthorized use of trademark gives rise to civil penalties where the owner can claim monetary compensation and injunctions. Legal action can be commenced by the trademark owner in case of any infringement of their rights. Common law rights of trademark are recognized in the UK. There are several disputes between the business where identical trademarks are developed and used. Summary Form the review of the above discussed literature it is clear that the IPL have a significant impact on businesses. These impacts are visible in industries like the music industry. The rights and ownership allocation also raises significant issues in the employment relations are there is a lack of concrete provisions of deal with the issue. The courts have broad range of powers towards interpreting the term in the course of employment. In addition there are significant challenges in the music industry towards analyzing the ownership of copyrights as the rights have to be divided among several owners. Businesses also uses patents in order to prevent the others form involving in relation to a particular product, process or problems. The grant of patents can be challenged by the other parties in court and they can be revoked in part or as a whole. Trademarks are also used by the business in order to distinguish the brand from the others. A business is not allowed to copy the trademark o f another business or they may be subjected to provisions of trademark infringement. References Bently, L., Sherman, B. (2014).Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Boldrin, M., Levine, D. K. (2013). The case against patents.The journal of economic perspectives,27(1), 3-22. Hart, T., Clark, S., Fazzani, L. (2013).Intellectual property law. Palgrave Macmillan. Horwitz, L., Horwitz, E. (2016). Discovery in Trademark Cases in the Courts and Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.Intellectual Property Counseling Litigation,5. Hovenkamp, H. (2016).IP and antitrust: an analysis of antitrust principles applied to intellectual property law(Vol. 1). Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Joyce, C., Ochoa, T. T., Carroll, M. W., Leaffer, M. A., Jaszi, P. (2016).Copyright law(p. 85). Carolina Academic Press. Kelbrick, R., Visser, C. (2013). Intellectual property law.Annual Survey of South African Law,2013(1), 691-715. LaLonde, A. G., Gilson, J. (2016).Foreign Trademark Protection(Vol. 3). Gilson on Trademarks. Lerner, J., Tirole, J. (2015). Standard-essential patents.Journal of Political Economy,123(3), 547-586. Moser, P. (2013). Patents and innovation: evidence from economic history.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,27(1), 23-44. Nard, C. A. (2014).The Law of Patents. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Nimmer, D. (2013).Nimmer on copyright. LexisNexis. Tan, T. J., Ng-Loy, W. L. (2013). Intellectual property law.Singapore Academy of Law Annual Review of Singapore Cases, (Annual Review 2013), 412. Torremans, P. (2016).Holyoak and Torremans intellectual property law. Oxford University Press. Williams, M. (2015). Intellectual Property at the Edge: The Contested Contours of I

Shortcuts to Paper Editing Services That Only the Experts Know

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U.S. History Research Paper Topics

U.S. History Research Paper TopicsGood U.S. History research paper topics include the greatest moments in the life of the country, to share in what the country has achieved. While researching the topics for your research paper, you need to focus on one particular moment in time, to keep the reader interested in what it has been like over the last few years. In addition, the objective of the research paper should be to give as much information to the reader as possible, while keeping the tone of the paper positive and educational.To keep the reader engaged in your article, ask questions that will answer the question of 'What is happening today, in our modern times.' The fact is that most of the news is good or is at least up to the mark. Thus, you need to ask some questions that will help set the tone of the research paper. If you need to research topics of special interest to you and are willing to dig a little deeper, then ask a related question, so that you can gauge the response t hat you might get from your readers.For example, if you were researching the debate over American Indian removal, the question would be 'Why were the Native Americans asked to leave?' The more specific the question, the better your chances of getting good results.Another important topics that you can research include the American frontier. This is the period of time when the United States first established a home for settlers and began to establish their country. You may choose to focus on why the frontier was important, or how it affected society. Whichever part of the frontier is of interest to you, research it well.You will need to come up with some ideas as to how you can expand your research paper topics. For example, you can focus on a particular time period, or geographical area. Or, you could look at a single event or topic that occurred in that time period. You might also have a brief summary about a particular event.Another idea for research paper topics is the subject of religion. The debate about the separation of church and state is a well-known topic. One idea that might interest you is 'How has the United States changed its religious landscape? What religious traditions have held sway in our country?'Lastly, you may decide to use information found in history books to help develop your research paper topics. But be sure to stick to some information found in non-fiction books. When using other sources of information, be sure to seek out reliable information. Research paper topics that offer the reader everything they need to know to understand your article, and help them stay entertained as you share in the successes and failures of our nation.

Essay Topics About Paradise Lost - The Trick to Write an Essay

Essay Topics About Paradise Lost - The Trick to Write an EssayIn reality, writing an essay with essay topics about Paradise Lost is a tricky business. However, I have succeeded to write my own essay on this topic and I am still quite satisfied with it. But, if you are still wondering how I managed to do that, the following is what you need to know.First, I discovered that when you are writing an essay about Paradise Lost, you need to give a more detailed description of the whole book than what the book actually tells you. This is because the author takes much of his time in describing all the details and events that happened during the whole time period of the story. You need to write something more in depth about them. Here are some tips that might help you.What I found was that I wanted to tell a story. And, this turned out to be quite different from the book. So, I have started by giving a very brief outline of the whole story. Just a small part of the actual work has been left fo r you to do. I have not given you the whole thing in writing.Then, I asked myself why would anybody want to know more details about the events. The result was that I wanted to find out the answers to these questions for myself. I also figured that there must be more questions out there that people were looking for answers for. So, I started to write about this problem.And here's the secret that has helped me make this happen. I discovered that the questions that we are most interested in are those that are easier to answer.For example, you can ask yourself what happens when Lucifer finds Paradise Lost. Or you can ask yourself what happens when Michael finds the White Witch's book. So, you will need to look for the answers to these questions if you want to understand the big picture of the whole story.That's the secret to write essay topics about Paradise Lost. It is not about setting up the whole story so that you can check on the events from other perspectives. Instead, you just ne ed to focus on the questions that we are most interested in, so that you will learn the answers to them.

How Do I Write an Essay That Will Be Worth Reading?

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Understanding The Nature Of Homlessness Essay Example For Students

Understanding The Nature Of Homlessness Essay Understanding The Nature of HomlessnessI knew that I would encounter homelessness when I came to Berkeley. Iwas expecting it, because just about everybody I knew had something to say aboutthe rumors theyd heard filter over from the West Coast. Coming from New York,however, I figured Id seen it all, and would be in control over whatever Iwould be up against. Reality quickly hit me, though, as I began to familiarizemyself with Berkeley and its main streets. Id never seen anything quite likeTelegraph Avenue and Peoples Park. No matter how much poverty one has seenthroughout the course of their lives, its far more difficult to accept when itoccurs in areas of high concentration. We will write a custom essay on Understanding The Nature Of Homlessness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Understanding the nature of homeless people asking for money and theirinteractions with people walking up and down a main street such as TelegraphAvenue is a difficult task. This observation process, which took place onTelegraph Avenue watching the homeless at work, was difficult because of thewealth of information one could find in simply watching as one person askedanother for money. We looked for a number of signals in the interactions,considering peoples ages, how they reacted physically, whether or not theycommunicated verbally, their demeanor throughout the interaction, and theimportance of eye-contact. We must also wrestle with the ambiguity of the powerstructure within the situation, because it is not nearly as clear as it seems. In the end, we will try to decipher the true nature of these confrontations,concluding by comparing the analysis of these situations to those found in theworks of Erving Goffman and Robin Leidner. INTERACTIONSThe difficulty in defining the parameters of dominance within theinteraction comes in understanding the disparity between the social status ofthe person being asked for money and the status of the individual begging forit; the real science lies in determining how little that difference actuallymatters. Socially, the respective status of each individual should be quiteclear. The person walking down the street is probably either employed or astudent. The stereotypical homeless person, on the other hand, may have alcoholor drug problems, may be suffering from schizophrenia, and is clearly notcapable of functioning within the confines of mainstream society. Clearly,according to unwritten rules of our community, the employed person has a muchhigher social standing. Despite these social differences, the actualinteraction is controlled by the panhandler. Their authority role begins withthe initiation of the interaction; by being the one to cause the confrontation,the second part y- the one being asked for change- is forced to react, if not torespond, in some way. The initiation process itself varies quite a bit frompanhandler to panhandler and has a tremendous impact in terms of reinforcing thenotion of authority. For example, there were panhandlers we observed who werenot capable of singling out an individual person and therefore had a great dealof difficulty initiating or holding on to any interactions; on the other hand,one man we watched was particularly effective simply because he went out of hisway to single people out in the passing crowds, he was loud enough to make eventhe most jaded person turn and was clearly in control of the interaction. Once control has been established and the interaction has commenced, itis necessary to gauge the response of the individual being asked for money andexactly what that response may mean. Of nineteen interactions we observed,only seven people made eye contact with the person asking for money. We foundthat it was often easier for someone to say no if they did not have to look theperson straight in the eyes. One common response was to look to the personwithout making eye-contact, and then respond while turning away from thepanhandler. Many people did choose to communicate verbally, often using thephrase, I dont have any money. In all likelihood, almost all of the sevenpeople who uttered that phrase had at least a some money, and the homelessprobably know that. Still, the phrase- whether an outright lie or the gospeltruth- manages to carry a great deal of weight. Another micro-interaction wesaw quite a bit of was the use of the body to communicate certain attitudeswithout the use of words . There were people who looked up as soon as theynoticed the homeless people and would actually face their entire bodies to themas they walked by, suggesting acceptance, and there were others who angled theirbodies so that their shoulders provided a clear barrier, shielding theindividual as they walked silently by. Although I had expected age to be afactor in the interactions- and it was in that panhandlers did not ask childrenfor money-peoples age, and even the nature of their dress did not seem to haveany clear impact on the interactions. In truth, finding many specific patternsin these interactions would require far more time spent in the field doingresearch. .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d , .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d .postImageUrl , .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d , .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d:hover , .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d:visited , .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d:active { border:0!important; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d:active , .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee6ab90c2ce144e54fd51597b351209d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The florence baptistery EssayOne factor which I took notice of early on in the field research processwas the behavior of people wearing sunglasses and their responses to the samepanhandlers. The initial results, in which three out of three subjects wearingsunglasses actually struck up conversations and appeared particularly at ease-to the point of laughter in two instances- convinced me that it would be worthdoing more research during the daylight hours. The next time I was on Telegraphduring the day I sat down for a few minutes and watched only for people wearingsunglasses. Six people passed a homeless man directly outside of Fat SlicePizza wearing sunglasses during the n ext ten minutes. Of those six individuals,two ignored the requests for change and the other four acted friendly andnatural, looking directly at them and responding in a pleasant manner. In total,of the nine people I witnessed wearing sunglasses, seven of them chose torespond to the beggar, a much higher percentage than in the total group. Interestingly enough, however, not one of the sunglass wearers offered money. If we look back at the factors which characterize the nature of theseinteractions, eye-contact would be very high on the list. The fact thatsunglass wearers have an instant barrier between themselves and those asking formoney makes the argument all the more reasonable that eye-contact has thegreatest impact on the interaction. Its much easier to respond to someone ifyou dont have to look them in the eye; in fact, wearing sunglassesautomatically puts the propositioned individual into the dominant role in theinteraction. The reality is that the information set may not be an entirelyaccurate representation of the actual social group; its hard to believe thatover seventy-five percent of the entire Berkeley population would be inclined totalk with panhandlers simply by wearing sunglasses. What the information setdoes suggest is that, for some people, sunglasses lighten the tension in asomewhat difficult exchange. LEIDNERIf we were to look at the work of Robin Leidner in the book Fast Food,Fast Talk, we would actually find similarities in the nature of some aspects ofthe interactions between the Telegraph confrontations and the interactionsbetween customers and employees at McDonalds, suggesting that both interactionsare somewhat routinized. Anyone familiar with Telegraph Avenue knows that, upondeciding to walk down the street, there is a very high chance that they will beasked for money. In response to this, some of us do everything in our power toavoid Telegraph altogether. Those of us who dont avoid it find that a plannedapproach to these interactions is often the most effective method for dealingwith them. We may choose to give change, we may choose to smile and apologizefor not having any more money, and we may simply ignore the requests. Still,there is a good chance that what ever we choose to do, we begin to prepare assoon as we see a homeless person. When we walk into McDonalds, Leidne rexplains, we must, in order for the purchase to run smoothly, already have ageneral idea of what we want and how to order it. In both situations, theinteraction has been routinized, in that a certain routine, or set of actions,has been developed in order to deal with a situation. Even the expectations ofthe employee and the panhandler fit directly into the routine. If you wereto ask a McDonalds employee for a large bowl of pasta and a glass of wine,they would not immediately be able to respond; its likely that the samereaction would occur if you went up to a panhandler and asked them for money,challenging them to behave as you are expected to. While the nature of each ofthese two routines may be quite different, there is no denying that there aremany similarities inherent in both. .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 , .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 .postImageUrl , .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 , .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177:hover , .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177:visited , .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177:active { border:0!important; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177:active , .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177 .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u66efd42db7fae9c5b602e4101d340177:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multicultural Education in America EssayGOFFMANThis notion of a planned response, as well as the behavior of apanhandler tossing pennies onto the street, fit very well into Erving Goffmansdiscussions in Asylums. Goffman talks both about secondary adjustments, whichhe defines as ways in which the individual stands apart from the role and theself that were taken for granted for him by the institution (Goffman, page 189),and mortification, or being stripped of ones identity kit. (Goffman, page 21). By developing techniques in order to most quickly and painlessly respond to thedemands for change, we are actually making a secondary adjustment; if we nevertrained ourselves to deal with these situations, we would probably feel very illat ease with the situation and not handle ourselves well. Being put out on thestreet is clearly quite difficult. How does one respond to suddenly being aloneand forced to fend for oneself, without money, shelter, or food? This processof developing a new life on the street, without the support of society, is veryclose to what Goffman calls mortification. Although the situations are verydifferent, one with too many walls, one with too few, there is no denying thesense of loss of self felt in both cases. The prevention of mortification isone of the biggest reasons for secondary adjustments and when we look at oneparticular panhandler, who, in an effort to maintain some final shreds ofdignity, would throw any pennies he had been given out onto the sidewal k, we seea clear adjustment made. To this man, it wouldnt matter if he was given tendollars worth of pennies, because needing those pennies represented the lowesthe could possibly reachCONCLUSIONWhat does any of this mean? What can we gain from looking at thisinformation? While no great social upheaval will occur because of this research,there is no question that we at least have a bit more perspective as to thenature of these interactions. Though I expected to find more patterns- forexample, I had expected that older people would perhaps be more sympathetic- Ialso had not expected to witness so many clear interactions from the homelessand methods used to challenge the authority the panhandlers had gained. Eventhough there is no question that the homeless, through the initiation of theinteraction, control that element of the confrontation, its important torealize that it is the person who is being asked for the money who ends up withcontrol as it is their choice whether or not to gi ve away any of their money. Out of about forty people who walked by at one point, only one of them gave apanhandler any money, and that represents a very clear pattern. Sadly, thatpattern, without a significant effort on the part of local and nationalgovernment, wont change anytime soon. We may never cure the problems faced bythe homeless and we may never be able to retrain our society to be more tolerant,but we can at least, hopefully, begin to take steps to that end.

Essay on Aulus MetellusEssay Writing Service

Essay on Aulus MetellusEssay Writing Service Essay on Aulus Metellus Essay on Aulus MetellusAncient Roman art mirrored the reality of the ancient Roman civilization and reveal key values, cultural norms and beliefs of ancient Romans. At the same time, ancient Roman works of art depict many famous people, leading politicians, gods, heroes and other renowned humans as well as non-humans. In such a way, ancient Roman art attempted to capture and preserve in the artistic form outstanding figures, although often artists created their works of art depicting rich people because, in such a way, they just earned for living. At this point, it is possible to refer to the statue of Aulus Metellus, the Roman orator, who personifies the rhetorical skillfulness and importance rhetoric played in the life of Roman society.The pose of the statue manifests the process of speech. At any rate, the artists depicted Aulus Metellus in the course of the delivery of his speech, as if he is referring to the audience and attempts to persuade them and accept his ideas and message . The pitch and angle of the head of the orator imply that the orator is standing above the crowd of listeners, who stand around him. In such a way, the orator stands above the crowd and delivers his speech. However, judging by the angle of his head, he stands slightly above the crowd.The direction of the gaze of the orator is directed faraway, as if he is looking slightly above heads of his listeners. In such a way, the orator attempts to persuade the audience that he is looking at every listener in the crowd (Depasse, 2001, p.135). The artist attempted to show that the orator is skilful and uses his rhetorical skills and experience. The orator proves to be skillful and efficient in terms of the development of rhetorical skills and art. The gaze of the orator is distant. He looks as if looking somewhere far away. In such a way, the artist reached the effect, when the audience feels as if the orator is speaking about some really important issues, which affect the audience deeply. Th e gaze focused on distant objects implies that the orator is full of thoughts, which are important and mirror his focus on really of important issues.  The facial expression of the orator his mouth closed and his hand raised imply that the orator has provoked some disputes in the crowd and the audience probably started to oppose or dispute with the orator, whereas the closed mouth and raised hand of the orator means that he tries to stop protests and claims that contradict to the orator. The arm and hand gestures imply that the orator attempts to keep his audience under control and calm people down (Bonesteel, 2000, p.140). At the same time, his left hand remains steady next to his side that implies the calmness of the orator and his self-control. He is not nervous at all and he attempts to convey his calmness to the audience. He raised his right hand and stretched it right to the audience with his open palm directed to listeners trying to show them that he has no evil intentions and he looks for the better for them.The hairline and hairstyle of the orator is neat that implies that he is a public person, who pays attention to his look and takes care for it. He seems to belong to the upper class and wants to show that he is a nobleman as he wears a classical hairstyle and clothing, toga, that may be viewed as attributes of his aristocratic origin.   The suggested aging of the facial features are light and the orator has just started to age since he is still a relatively young man in his late 30s or 40s. The state of health is apparently good judging by slightly puffy areas of the face, especially on his cheeks. In such a way, he looks to be healthy and wealthy. At any rate, the orator definitely belongs to the upper-class.The arrangement and style of the attire, including his toga, also prove his belongingness to the upper-class. At the same time, his toga shows that the orator is a civilian. He is not the military by any means. His only weapon is his word and his eloquence. He is calm that means that he apparently is accustomed to talk in face of a large crowd (Collins, 2004, p. 212). The details of gesture body language show clearly that he knows how to keep the attention of his audience and how to control his listeners in the course of the speech. He stays calm, when necessary. He raises his hand to suppress any protests or words, different from his own. His facial expression is calm and steady.At the same time, betoken both the man’s demeanor or hexis (public image) are obvious. He stays straight. He is capable to manipulate with the audience and control it with the power of his words and speech. Inner attitudes and the engagement of the statue’s subject in the political process of his times are obvious. The orator delivers a speech to the audience, which probably is political or socially important in any way. He is always aware that the audience may disagree with him and soothes the audience by his calmness and stea diness. He delivers an important speech judging by his eye expression (MacGregor, 2002, p.138). These behavioral aspects are caught in the artist’s narrative ‘snapshot’ of an everyday occurrence. He seems to be absolutely accustomed to delivering speeches in public spaces. He is not nervous at all. He manifests his ability to keep his audience under control and deliver his messages clearly. He seems to be quite persuading judging from his body language. He uses his body language to the full extent. He shows that he knows what he wants to say and what body language to use to make his speech persuading.Since Roman men of consequence lived very much in a face-to-face public arena, it is also possible to assume that the original event represented included spectators. In fact, Aulus Metellus apparently delivered his speech and he used the face-to-face public communication. His speech was delivered to the audience and the orator uses his speech to convey his ideas and messages to the audience. In such a way, he attempts to develop a persuading speech.Thus, Aulus Metellus was depicted by the artist skillfully and shows how Roman orators looked like and what techniques they used in the course of their speech. The artist showed the power of his body language. The audience of the orator are implicit but it is possible to suggest the audience around and slightly lower than the orator was located.